The Hadza, or Hadzabe, are an indigenous ethnic group in Tanzania, primarily living in the southwest Karatu District of the Arusha Region. They reside around Lake Eyasi in the central Rift Valley and on the neighboring Serengeti Plateau. As of 2015, there are approximately 1,200–1,300 Hadza people, but only around 400 still rely entirely on traditional foraging for survival.
Genetically distinct from other populations, the Hadza language, Hadzane, is considered a language isolate and is not related to any other known language. The Hadza are descendants of Tanzania’s pre-Bantu hunter-gatherer population and have maintained a traditional way of life for thousands of years, largely unaffected by modern agriculture or colonial influences.
The Hadza live in small bands or “camps” of 20–30 people, which often split for practical reasons. Camps may relocate seasonally, depending on water availability, hunting opportunities, or the abundance of tubers and berries. When a member falls ill or dies, the camp may move, associating the place with misfortune. Hunting larger animals like giraffes can also prompt temporary relocation. Their shelters are simple and can be built within a few hours.
The Hadza are egalitarian and highly independent. There is no formal hierarchy or tribal governance; decisions are made collectively through discussion. Elderly members receive some respect, but within age and gender groups, all individuals are considered equal, and women enjoy relatively high status compared to more stratified societies.
Although hunting is technically illegal in Tanzania, authorities generally exempt the Hadza, recognizing their traditional lifestyle. They are also the only people in Tanzania exempt from local and national taxation. This egalitarian and autonomous way of life has allowed the Hadza to maintain a strong connection to their ancestral culture and natural environment.
